# Stentor — Usage Guide

> *"Stentor, whose voice was as powerful as fifty voices of other men."*
> — Homer, *Iliad*, Book V

Stentor is a voice interface that connects physical audio hardware (ESP32-S3-AUDIO-Board) to AI agents via speech services. The voice gateway runs as part of the **Daedalus** web application backend — there is no separate Stentor server process.

---

## Table of Contents

- [How It Works](#how-it-works)
- [Components](#components)
- [ESP32 Device Setup](#esp32-device-setup)
- [Daedalus Configuration](#daedalus-configuration)
- [Device Registration Flow](#device-registration-flow)
- [Voice Conversation Flow](#voice-conversation-flow)
- [WebSocket Protocol](#websocket-protocol)
- [API Endpoints](#api-endpoints)
- [Observability](#observability)
- [Troubleshooting](#troubleshooting)
- [Architecture Overview](#architecture-overview)

---

## How It Works

1. An ESP32-S3-AUDIO-Board generates a UUID on first boot and registers itself with Daedalus
2. A user assigns the device to a workspace and Pallas agent via the Daedalus web UI
3. When the ESP32 detects a wake word, it opens a WebSocket to Daedalus and starts a voice session
4. On-device VAD (Voice Activity Detection) detects speech and silence
5. Audio streams to Daedalus, which runs: **Speaches STT** → **Pallas Agent (MCP)** → **Speaches TTS**
6. The response audio streams back to the ESP32 speaker
7. Transcripts are saved as conversations in PostgreSQL — visible in the Daedalus web UI alongside text conversations

---

## Components

| Component | Location | Purpose |
|-----------|----------|---------|
| **stentor-ear** | `stentor/stentor-ear/` | ESP32-S3 firmware — microphone, speaker, wake word, VAD |
| **Daedalus voice module** | `daedalus/backend/daedalus/voice/` | Voice pipeline — STT, MCP agent calls, TTS |
| **Daedalus voice API** | `daedalus/backend/daedalus/api/v1/voice.py` | WebSocket + REST endpoints for devices and sessions |
| **Daedalus web UI** | `daedalus/frontend/` | Device management, conversation history |

The Python gateway code that was previously in `stentor/stentor-gateway/` has been merged into Daedalus. That directory is retained for reference but is no longer deployed as a standalone service.

---

## ESP32 Device Setup

The ESP32-S3-AUDIO-Board firmware needs one configuration value:

| Setting | Description | Example |
|---------|-------------|---------|
| Daedalus URL | Base URL of the Daedalus instance | `http://puck.incus:22181` |

On first boot, the device:
1. Generates a UUID v4 and stores it in NVS (non-volatile storage)
2. Registers with Daedalus via `POST /api/v1/voice/devices/register`
3. The UUID persists across reboots — the device keeps its identity

---

## Daedalus Configuration

Voice settings are configured via environment variables with the `DAEDALUS_` prefix:

| Variable | Description | Default |
|----------|-------------|---------|
| `DAEDALUS_VOICE_STT_URL` | Speaches STT endpoint | `http://perseus.helu.ca:22070` |
| `DAEDALUS_VOICE_TTS_URL` | Speaches TTS endpoint | `http://perseus.helu.ca:22070` |
| `DAEDALUS_VOICE_STT_MODEL` | Whisper model for STT | `Systran/faster-whisper-small` |
| `DAEDALUS_VOICE_TTS_MODEL` | TTS model name | `kokoro` |
| `DAEDALUS_VOICE_TTS_VOICE` | TTS voice ID | `af_heart` |
| `DAEDALUS_VOICE_AUDIO_SAMPLE_RATE` | Sample rate in Hz | `16000` |
| `DAEDALUS_VOICE_AUDIO_CHANNELS` | Audio channels | `1` |
| `DAEDALUS_VOICE_AUDIO_SAMPLE_WIDTH` | Bits per sample | `16` |
| `DAEDALUS_VOICE_CONVERSATION_TIMEOUT` | Seconds of silence before auto-end | `120` |

---

## Device Registration Flow

```
ESP32                              Daedalus
  │                                    │
  │  [First boot — UUID generated]     │
  ├─ POST /api/v1/voice/devices/register ▶│
  │   {device_id, firmware_version}    │
  │◀─ {status: "registered"} ─────────┤
  │                                    │
  │  [Device appears in Daedalus       │
  │   Settings → Voice Devices]        │
  │                                    │
  │  [User assigns workspace + agent   │
  │   via web UI]                      │
  │                                    │
  │  [Subsequent boots — same UUID]    │
  ├─ POST /api/v1/voice/devices/register ▶│
  │   {device_id, firmware_version}    │
  │◀─ {status: "already_registered"} ──┤
  │                                    │
```

After registration, the device appears in the Daedalus settings page. The user assigns it:
- A **name** (e.g. "Kitchen Speaker")
- A **description** (optional)
- A **workspace** (which workspace voice conversations go to)
- An **agent** (which Pallas agent to target)

Until assigned, the device cannot process voice.

---

## Voice Conversation Flow

A voice conversation is a multi-turn session driven by on-device VAD:

```
ESP32                              Daedalus
  │                                    │
  ├─ [Wake word detected]             │
  ├─ WS /api/v1/voice/realtime ──────▶│
  ├─ session.start ───────────────────▶│  → Create Conversation in DB
  │◀──── session.created ─────────────┤    {session_id, conversation_id}
  │◀──── status: listening ────────────┤
  │                                    │
  │  [VAD: user speaks]                │
  ├─ input_audio_buffer.append ×N ────▶│
  │  [VAD: silence detected]           │
  ├─ input_audio_buffer.commit ───────▶│
  │◀──── status: transcribing ────────┤  → STT
  │◀──── transcript.done ─────────────┤  → Save user message
  │◀──── status: thinking ────────────┤  → MCP call to Pallas
  │◀──── response.text.done ──────────┤  → Save assistant message
  │◀──── status: speaking ────────────┤  → TTS
  │◀──── response.audio.delta ×N ─────┤
  │◀──── response.audio.done ─────────┤
  │◀──── response.done ───────────────┤
  │◀──── status: listening ────────────┤
  │                                    │
  │  [VAD: user speaks again]          │  (same conversation)
  ├─ (next turn cycle) ──────────────▶│
  │                                    │
  │  [Conversation ends by:]           │
  │  • 120s silence → timeout          │
  │  • Agent says goodbye              │
  │  • WebSocket disconnect            │
  │◀──── session.end ─────────────────┤
```

### Conversation End

A conversation ends in three ways:

1. **Inactivity timeout** — no speech for `VOICE_CONVERSATION_TIMEOUT` seconds (default 120)
2. **Agent-initiated** — the Pallas agent recognizes the conversation is over and signals it
3. **Client disconnect** — ESP32 sends `session.close` or WebSocket drops

All conversations are saved in PostgreSQL and visible in the Daedalus workspace chat history.

---

## WebSocket Protocol

### Connection

```
WS /api/v1/voice/realtime?device_id={uuid}
```

### Client → Gateway Messages

| Type | Description | Fields |
|------|-------------|--------|
| `session.start` | Start a new conversation | `client_id` (optional), `audio_config` (optional) |
| `input_audio_buffer.append` | Audio chunk | `audio` (base64 PCM) |
| `input_audio_buffer.commit` | End of speech, trigger pipeline | — |
| `session.close` | End the session | — |

### Gateway → Client Messages

| Type | Description | Fields |
|------|-------------|--------|
| `session.created` | Session started | `session_id`, `conversation_id` |
| `status` | Processing state | `state` (`listening` / `transcribing` / `thinking` / `speaking`) |
| `transcript.done` | User's speech as text | `text` |
| `response.text.done` | Agent's text response | `text` |
| `response.audio.delta` | Audio chunk (streamed) | `delta` (base64 PCM) |
| `response.audio.done` | Audio streaming complete | — |
| `response.done` | Turn complete | — |
| `session.end` | Conversation ended | `reason` (`timeout` / `agent` / `client`) |
| `error` | Error occurred | `message`, `code` |

### Audio Format

All audio is **PCM signed 16-bit little-endian** (`pcm_s16le`), base64-encoded in JSON:

- **Sample rate:** 16,000 Hz
- **Channels:** 1 (mono)
- **Bit depth:** 16-bit

---

## API Endpoints

All endpoints are served by the Daedalus FastAPI backend.

### Voice Device Management

| Method | Route | Purpose |
|--------|-------|---------|
| `POST` | `/api/v1/voice/devices/register` | ESP32 self-registration (idempotent) |
| `GET` | `/api/v1/voice/devices` | List all registered devices |
| `GET` | `/api/v1/voice/devices/{id}` | Get device details |
| `PUT` | `/api/v1/voice/devices/{id}` | Update device (name, description, workspace, agent) |
| `DELETE` | `/api/v1/voice/devices/{id}` | Remove a device |

### Voice Sessions

| Method | Route | Purpose |
|--------|-------|---------|
| `WS` | `/api/v1/voice/realtime?device_id={id}` | WebSocket for audio conversations |
| `GET` | `/api/v1/voice/sessions` | List active voice sessions |

### Voice Configuration & Health

| Method | Route | Purpose |
|--------|-------|---------|
| `GET` | `/api/v1/voice/config` | Current voice configuration |
| `PUT` | `/api/v1/voice/config` | Update voice settings |
| `GET` | `/api/v1/voice/health` | STT + TTS reachability check |

---

## Observability

### Prometheus Metrics

Voice metrics are exposed at Daedalus's `GET /metrics` endpoint with the `daedalus_voice_` prefix:

| Metric | Type | Description |
|--------|------|-------------|
| `daedalus_voice_sessions_active` | gauge | Active WebSocket sessions |
| `daedalus_voice_pipeline_duration_seconds` | histogram | Full pipeline latency |
| `daedalus_voice_stt_duration_seconds` | histogram | STT latency |
| `daedalus_voice_tts_duration_seconds` | histogram | TTS latency |
| `daedalus_voice_agent_duration_seconds` | histogram | Agent (MCP) latency |
| `daedalus_voice_transcriptions_total` | counter | Total STT calls |
| `daedalus_voice_conversations_total` | counter | Conversations by end reason |
| `daedalus_voice_devices_online` | gauge | Currently connected devices |

### Logs

Voice events flow through the standard Daedalus logging pipeline: structlog → stdout → syslog → Alloy → Loki.

Key log events: `voice_device_registered`, `voice_session_started`, `voice_pipeline_complete`, `voice_conversation_ended`, `voice_pipeline_error`.

---

## Troubleshooting

### Device not appearing in Daedalus settings

- Check the ESP32 can reach the Daedalus URL
- Verify the registration endpoint responds: `curl -X POST http://puck.incus:22181/api/v1/voice/devices/register -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d '{"device_id":"test","firmware_version":"1.0"}'`

### Device registered but voice doesn't work

- Assign the device to a workspace and agent in **Settings → Voice Devices**
- Unassigned devices get: `{"type": "error", "code": "no_workspace"}`

### STT returns empty transcripts

- Check Speaches STT is running: `curl http://perseus.helu.ca:22070/v1/models`
- Check the voice health endpoint: `curl http://puck.incus:22181/api/v1/voice/health`

### High latency

- Check `daedalus_voice_pipeline_duration_seconds` in Prometheus/Grafana
- Breakdown by stage: STT, Agent, TTS histograms identify the bottleneck
- Agent latency depends on the Pallas agent and its downstream MCP servers

### Audio sounds wrong (chipmunk / slow)

- Speaches TTS outputs at 24 kHz; the pipeline resamples to 16 kHz
- Verify `DAEDALUS_VOICE_AUDIO_SAMPLE_RATE` matches the ESP32's playback rate

---

## Architecture Overview

```
┌──────────────────┐       WebSocket         ┌──────────────────────────────────────┐
│  ESP32-S3 Board  │◀══════════════════════▶ │   Daedalus Backend (FastAPI)         │
│  (stentor-ear)   │   JSON + base64 audio   │   puck.incus                         │
│  UUID in NVS     │                         │                                      │
│  Wake Word + VAD │                         │   voice/ module:                     │
└──────────────────┘                         │     STT → MCP (Pallas) → TTS        │
                                             │     Conversations → PostgreSQL       │
                                             └──────┬──────────┬────────┬───────────┘
                                                    │          │        │
                                              MCP   │    HTTP  │  HTTP  │
                                                    ▼          ▼        ▼
                                             ┌──────────┐ ┌────────┐ ┌────────┐
                                             │  Pallas  │ │Speaches│ │Speaches│
                                             │  Agents  │ │  STT   │ │  TTS   │
                                             └──────────┘ └────────┘ └────────┘
```

For full architectural details including Mermaid diagrams, see [architecture.md](architecture.md).

For the complete integration specification, see [daedalus/docs/stentor_integration.md](../../daedalus/docs/stentor_integration.md).